1.
|
BASIC CONCEPTS IN NUTRITION
|
1 |
| 1.1. |
Energy and protein balance |
1 |
| 1.2. |
Body composition and its measurement |
6 |
| 1.3. |
Diagnosis of malnutrition - Screening and Assessment |
11 |
| 1.4. |
Influence of malnutrition on physiological function |
18 |
| 1.5. |
Overnutrition - functional and clinical consequences |
20 |
| 1.6. |
Epidemiology of malnutrition |
31 |
| 1.7. |
Nutritional requirements for health at rest and on exercise |
37 |
| 1.7.1. |
Adult subjects |
37 |
| 1.7.1.1. |
Macronutrients |
37 |
| 1.7.1.2. |
Micronutrients |
43 |
| 1.7.2. |
Nutritional needs of children and adolescents |
45 |
2.
|
NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
|
57 |
| 2.1. |
Appetite and its control |
57 |
| 2.2. |
Energy metabolism |
61 |
| 2.3. |
Carbohydrate metabolism |
66 |
| 2.4. |
Lipid metabolism |
72 |
| 2.5. |
Protein and amino acid metabolism |
78 |
| 2.6. |
Water and electrolytes in health and disease |
82 |
| 2.7. |
Physiological function and deficiency states of trace elements |
94 |
| 2.8. |
Physiological function and deficiency states of vitamins |
99 |
| 2.9. |
Simple and stress starvation |
107 |
| 2.10. |
Injury and sepsis |
114 |
| 2.10.1. |
The neuroendocrine response |
114 |
| 2.10.2. |
Main cytokines and their effect during injury and sepsis |
118 |
| 2.10.3. |
Metabolic response to injury and sepsis |
124 |
| 2.11. |
Metabolic response to hypoxia |
129 |
3.
|
ORGANIZATION AND LEGAL ASPECTS
|
135 |
| 3.1. |
Organization of nutritional care |
135 |
| 3.2. |
Ethical and legal aspects |
139 |
4.
|
SUBSTRATES USED IN PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION
|
149 |
| 4.1. |
Energy |
149 |
| 4.2. |
Carbohydrates |
151 |
| 4.3. |
Lipids |
153 |
| 4.4. |
Proteins and amino acids |
157 |
| 4.5. |
Water and electrolytes during nutritional support |
165 |
| 4.6. |
Trace elements and vitamins in parenteral and enteral nutrition |
169 |
| 4.6.1. |
Trace elements in parenteral and enteral nutrition |
172 |
| 4.6.2. |
Vitamins in enteral and parenteral nutrition |
174 |
| 4.7. |
Fibre and short chain fatty acids |
176 |
| 4.8. |
Immunonutrition |
179 |
| 4.8.1. |
Nutrients which influence immunity - effect and mechanism of action |
179 |
| 4.8.2. |
Nutrients which influence immunity - clinical and experimental data |
185 |
| 4.9. |
Role of antioxidants in nutritional support |
191 |
| 4.10. |
Special substrates for parenteral nutrition |
196 |
5.
|
ENTERAL NUTRITION
|
201 |
| 5.1. |
Indications and contraindications for enteral nutrition |
201 |
| 5.2. |
Methods of delivering enteral nutrition |
204 |
| 5.2.1. |
Sip feeds |
204 |
| 5.2.2. |
Transnasal access |
204 |
| 5.2.3. |
Endoscopic access (PEG and PEJ) |
207 |
| 5.2.4. |
Surgical access - gastrostomy, needle catheter jejunostomy |
211 |
| 5.3. |
Administration of enteral tube feeds |
214 |
| 5.4. |
Equipment for delivering enteral nutrition |
215 |
| 5.5. |
Diets for enteral nutrition |
217 |
| 5.5.1. |
Home made diets |
217 |
| 5.6. |
Commercially prepared formulas |
221 |
| 5.6.1. |
Polymeric formulas |
221 |
| 5.6.2. |
Oligomeric and monomeric formulas |
224 |
| 5.6.3. |
Special formulas (disease specific) |
225 |
| 5.6.4. |
Modular diets |
226 |
| 5.7. |
Complications of enteral nutrition |
228 |
6.
|
PARENTERAL NUTRITION
|
233 |
| 6.1. |
Ways of delivering parenteral nutrition |
233 |
| 6.1.1. |
Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) |
233 |
| 6.1.2. |
Central parenteral nutrition |
237 |
| 6.1.3. |
Complications associated with central catheter insertion and
care |
246 |
| 6.2. |
Systems for parenteral nutrition |
252 |
| 6.2.1. |
Different systems for parenteral nutrition (AIO vs
MB) |
252 |
| 6.2.2. |
Composition of nutritional admixtures and formulas for
parenteral nutrition |
255 |
| 6.3. |
Parenteral nutrition admixtures |
260 |
| 6.3.1. |
How to prepare parenteral nutrition (PN) admixtures |
260 |
| 6.3.2. |
Stability of parenteral nutrition admixtures |
264 |
| 6.4. |
Drugs and nutritional admixtures |
269 |
| 6.5. |
Metabolic complications of parenteral nutrition |
275 |
7.
|
MONITORING OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
|
281 |
| 7.1. |
Clinical monitoring |
281 |
| 7.2. |
Some laboratory measurement of response to nutrition clinical studies |
283 |
| 7.3. |
Refeeding syndrome |
288 |
8.
|
NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL SITUATIONS
|
293 |
| 8.1. |
Nutritional support in severe malnutrition |
293 |
| 8.2. |
Perioperative nutrition |
296 |
| 8.3. |
Nutritional support in critically ill and septic patients |
302 |
| 8.4. |
Nutritional support in trauma |
308 |
| 8.5. |
Nutritional support in inflammatory bowel disease |
314 |
| 8.6. |
Nutritional support in liver disease |
321 |
| 8.7. |
Nutritional support in renal disease |
325 |
| 8.8. |
Nutritional support in acute and chronic pancreatitis |
333 |
| 8.9. |
Nutrition support in gastrointestinal fistulas |
342 |
| 8.10. |
Nutritional support in extensive gut resections (short bowel) |
345 |
| 8.11. |
Nutritional support in the diabetic patient |
357 |
| 8.12. |
Nutrition in the elderly |
363 |
| 8.13. |
Nutritional support in burn patients |
384 |
| 8.14. |
Nutritional support in cancer |
392 |
| 8.15. |
Wasting syndrome - effect of anticachectic agents |
403 |
| 8.16. |
Radiation enteropathy |
405 |
| 8.17. |
Nutritional support in AIDS |
408 |
| 8.18. |
Nutrition in cardiac and pulmonary diseases |
414 |
| 8.19. |
Nutrition therapy for neurological disorders |
416 |
| 8.20. |
Nutritional support during pregnancy |
422 |
| 8.21. |
Nutritional support in neonatology |
425 |
| 8.22. |
Nutritional support in children and adolescents |
440 |
| 8.23. |
Home artificial nutrition |
462 |
BASICS IN CLINICAL
NUTRITION